{"id":54087,"date":"2025-06-26T11:05:33","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T10:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.ngi.eu\/?p=54087"},"modified":"2025-07-01T08:32:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T07:32:47","slug":"active-communities-of-commoners-and-relevant-commons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.ngi.eu\/2025\/06\/26\/active-communities-of-commoners-and-relevant-commons\/","title":{"rendered":"

Communaut\u00e9s actives de biens communs et biens communs pertinents<\/p>"},"content":{"rendered":"

Auteurs: <\/strong>Valerian Guillier, CNRS<\/em>

Le concept de Commons num\u00e9riques est parfois per\u00e7u comme flou ou redondant. Il y a quelques mois, le CNRS Centre Internet et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/a>, un partenaire cl\u00e9 du consortium au sein du Initiative NGI Commons<\/a> a publi\u00e9 un rapport de recherche convaincant sur \u00e9volution, pratiques et gouvernance des communes num\u00e9riques<\/strong>. L\u2019\u00e9tude combine recherche documentaire<\/strong> avec 23 entretiens et \u00e9tudes de cas<\/strong>, et ses principales conclusions mettent en lumi\u00e8re la nature changeante de la mani\u00e8re dont les ressources num\u00e9riques sont cr\u00e9\u00e9es, partag\u00e9es et g\u00e9r\u00e9es en Europe. Le CNRS \u00e9tudie la pertinence du concept et fournit quelques informations sur les besoins des communs.<\/p>

D\u00e9finir les biens communs num\u00e9riques<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>

Premi\u00e8rement, le pr\u00e9sent rapport s\u2019appuie sur des recherches ant\u00e9rieures sur les biens communs num\u00e9riques chronologiquement et r\u00e9v\u00e8le une \u00e9volution de la signification et de la d\u00e9finition du concept: \u00e0 partir d\u2019une conception initiale (trouv\u00e9e par exemple \u00e0 Benkler) fond\u00e9e sur une opposition et en tant qu\u2019alternative \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle, le concept a \u00e9volu\u00e9 lentement mais s\u00fbrement pour inclure davantage de composantes des biens communs (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire, outre la ressource partag\u00e9e, la communaut\u00e9 et les r\u00e8gles de gouvernance). Le rapport a \u00e9galement mis en \u00e9vidence la mani\u00e8re dont des valeurs sp\u00e9cifiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 progressivement ajout\u00e9es aux d\u00e9finitions.<\/p>

\u00c0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 les pratiques d\u2019extractivisme, qui font r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 toutes les formes d\u2019exploitation et de d\u00e9possession, qui sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9videntes dans le domaine num\u00e9rique, se sont \u00e9tendues \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019internet, les questions relatives \u00e0 la durabilit\u00e9 de la ressource et des communaut\u00e9s sont devenues trop importantes. Plut\u00f4t que de lutter contre la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e (uniquement), les derni\u00e8res d\u00e9finitions tendent \u00e0 mettre l\u2019accent sur l\u2019action collective, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et la gouvernance sur la ressource contre l\u2019extractivisme. Ce qui peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une nouvelle forme de pi\u00e8ce jointe, se rapprochant ainsi \u00e9galement de l\u2019id\u00e9e initiale des biens communs. Par cons\u00e9quent, le rapport sugg\u00e8re d\u2019utiliser l\u2019une des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9finitions des communs num\u00e9riques (par les communs num\u00e9riques). EDIC,<\/a> dont la cr\u00e9ation est toujours en cours):<\/p>

\n

?Les communes num\u00e9riques sont des ressources num\u00e9riques qui sont d\u00e9finies par la production, la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et la gouvernance distribu\u00e9es et communes. La gouvernance comprend des r\u00e8gles d\u2019acc\u00e8s et de partage visant \u00e0 garantir le d\u00e9veloppement et la durabilit\u00e9 de la ressource et de la communaut\u00e9 contre l\u2019utilisation exclusive, le profit exclusif ou l\u2019extraction de valeur.<\/em>?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>

Le rapport compare et distingue ensuite bri\u00e8vement les biens communs num\u00e9riques, les logiciels libres, Biens publics num\u00e9riques<\/a> et les infrastructures publiques num\u00e9riques.<\/p>

Cartographier les communaut\u00e9s<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>

La majeure partie de la recherche est consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019analyse d\u2019une diversit\u00e9 de communaut\u00e9s actives autour des biens communs num\u00e9riques, allant des logiciels gratuits aux donn\u00e9es ouvertes au moyen de mat\u00e9riel ouvert, de contenus ouverts et de normes ouvertes. Le CNRS a men\u00e9 23 entretiens (qui sont \u00e9galement pseudonymis\u00e9es et partag\u00e9es en tant que donn\u00e9es ouvertes<\/a>) avec plusieurs acteurs pour mieux comprendre leur perception et leurs besoins, mais aussi les valeurs qu\u2019ils partagent et leur perception de ce que sont les biens communs num\u00e9riques et de la valeur qu\u2019ils int\u00e8grent.<\/p>

La deuxi\u00e8me partie du rapport est donc consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019identification des similitudes et des diff\u00e9rences de valeurs et d\u2019\u00e9thique qui se retrouvent dans l\u2019ensemble de projets qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 interrog\u00e9s. Le rapport constate que, si l\u2019ouverture appara\u00eet comme une valeur centrale, de nombreux acteurs ont des strat\u00e9gies diff\u00e9rentes \u00e0 partager dans certaines conditions de r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9, de retards, etc.<\/p>

La troisi\u00e8me partie pr\u00e9sente les diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res dont les projets communs organisent leurs mod\u00e8les de durabilit\u00e9. Ce rapport a mis en \u00e9vidence la grande importance du secteur public pour soutenir les biens communs: soit parce que des organismes publics (dans les administrations, les agences, les universit\u00e9s, etc., aux niveaux local, national et europ\u00e9en) y contribuent, ach\u00e8tent les produits, octroient des subventions ou d\u2019autres formes de financement. Le rapport montre \u00e9galement la contribution pr\u00e9cieuse du secteur priv\u00e9 et des particuliers au maintien des biens communs.<\/p>

La quatri\u00e8me partie montre que le concept de communs num\u00e9riques est souvent ind\u00e9fini pour les acteurs eux-m\u00eames et en concurrence avec d\u2019autres concepts qu\u2019ils connaissent mieux, tels que l\u2019\u00e9conomie ouverte, l\u2019\u00e9conomie sociale et solidaire, bien que certains acteurs aient r\u00e9ellement choisi le concept de communs, souvent d\u2019un point de vue politique. Le rapport montre \u00e9galement qu\u2019il est difficile d\u2019organiser et de structurer les communaut\u00e9s autour d\u2019un projet donn\u00e9 et se penche sur diff\u00e9rentes questions de gouvernance qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soulev\u00e9es par les acteurs. Enfin, le rapport examine les valeurs que les acteurs associent aux biens communs et aux tensions potentielles, en ce qui concerne l\u2019innovation (sociale), l\u2019empreinte \u00e9cologique et la valeur sociale de leurs activit\u00e9s.<\/p>

Cette combinaison d\u2019ouverture et de valeurs est par exemple particuli\u00e8rement visible dans cette citation d\u2019une personne active dans Mastodon<\/a> : <\/p>

\n

\u00abC\u2019est quelque chose qui profite \u00e0 tous... En fait, c\u2019est quelque chose qui ne devrait appartenir \u00e0 personne. Parce que les incitations ne sont pas li\u00e9es \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et au contr\u00f4le de quiconque. Par exemple, Wikip\u00e9dia est un bien commun num\u00e9rique, parce qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une connaissance, et cette connaissance ne doit \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9e ou d\u00e9tenue par personne, car autrement, la connaissance est plus neutre. Et les connaissances, \u00e0 un moment ou \u00e0 un autre, peuvent ou seront utilis\u00e9es, seront modifi\u00e9es pour servir certains int\u00e9r\u00eats.\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>

\n

<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>

Communes num\u00e9riques: un sujet opportun pour la poursuite de la recherche<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>

Alors que l\u2019Europe cherche \u00e0 affirmer sa souverainet\u00e9 num\u00e9rique et \u00e0 r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des technologies \u00e9trang\u00e8res, les biens communs num\u00e9riques et les sources ouvertes apparaissent comme des instruments essentiels dans cette entreprise. Elles offrent non seulement une autonomie technologique, mais favorisent \u00e9galement la transparence, l\u2019innovation et la collaboration ancr\u00e9es dans des valeurs europ\u00e9ennes communes. <\/strong><\/p>

Ce rapport a cartographi\u00e9 le paysage des communes num\u00e9riques en Europe, en examinant la mani\u00e8re dont le concept est li\u00e9 \u00e0 des id\u00e9es similaires telles que les logiciels libres et ouverts et les biens publics num\u00e9riques, et la mani\u00e8re dont il est pratiqu\u00e9 par divers projets et communaut\u00e9s. Au moyen d\u2019entretiens et d\u2019\u00e9tudes de cas, le CNRS a examin\u00e9 les d\u00e9finitions, les mod\u00e8les de gouvernance, les d\u00e9fis financiers et les valeurs fondamentales qui sous-tendent ces initiatives.<\/p>

Malgr\u00e9 l\u2019absence de norme universelle pour les communes num\u00e9riques, certains mod\u00e8les communs apparaissent, tels que la s\u00e9paration des activit\u00e9s \u00e0 but non lucratif et \u00e0 but lucratif et le r\u00f4le important des entit\u00e9s publiques dans le soutien \u00e0 ces projets. Le contexte europ\u00e9en est marqu\u00e9 par la collaboration transfronti\u00e8re, qui remet en question les notions traditionnelles de souverainet\u00e9 num\u00e9rique et met l\u2019accent sur l\u2019autonomie des utilisateurs et les valeurs communes.<\/p>

Dans l\u2019ensemble, l\u2019\u00e9tude souligne l\u2019importance de la durabilit\u00e9, de la gouvernance et de la communaut\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9veloppement des communes num\u00e9riques, et sugg\u00e8re que les futures politiques devraient se concentrer sur le soutien \u00e0 ces aspects plut\u00f4t que d\u2019imposer des d\u00e9finitions ou des normes rigides.<\/p>

Ce rapport relativement volumineux fournit des informations originales sur un domaine qui doit \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re plus approfondie et mieux pris en compte par les organismes publics. La personnalisation des mod\u00e8les de gouvernance et de durabilit\u00e9 montre \u00e0 quel point ces organisations sont sp\u00e9cifiques, ce qui les rend \u00e9galement plus r\u00e9silientes. Ce sujet sera d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans le prochain rapport du CNRS? Veuillez donc rester connect\u00e9! pour entrer et renforcer l\u2019engagement communautaire.<\/p>

\"[Blogpost<\/figure><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le concept \u00abDigital Commons\u00bb est parfois per\u00e7u comme flou ou redondant. Il y a quelques mois, CNRS Centre Internet et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, un partenaire cl\u00e9 du consortium dans le cadre de l\u2019initiative NGI Commons, a publi\u00e9 un rapport de recherche convaincant examinant l\u2019\u00e9volution, les pratiques et la gouvernance de Digital Commons. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":54089,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nActive communities of commoners and relevant commons - NGI Commons<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.ngi.eu\/fr\/2025\/06\/26\/active-communities-of-commoners-and-relevant-commons\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Active communities of commoners and relevant commons - NGI Commons\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Digital Commons as a concept is sometimes perceived as fuzzy or redundant. 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